Język Polski
English
Deutsch
Français (France)
Italiano
Русский
Yugoslav Society and its Approach towards the Rise and Development of Solidarity 1980–1981
Remembrance and Justice, Vol. 35 No. 1 (2020), pages: 226-251
Publication date: 2020-06-30
https://doi.org/10.48261/pis203510
PDF (Język Polski)
Abstract
The beginning of the 1980s was marked in Yugoslavia by Tito’s death, an economic crisis and the start of the rivalry between its republics and their representatives. This portended further extraordinary changes in Yugoslavia. The rivalry of interests between republics was reflected also amongst the communist elite. Nevertheless their approach to the new challenges they faced was to maintain the status quo in both internal and foreign policy. They were reluctant to make any major changes in their international policies and because of that they presented a restrained attitude towards Solidarity. On the other hand, in the realm of the social and cultural life, some significant while not numerous signs of sympathy towards the upheaval in Poland at the beginning of the 1980s were visible. It was predominantly in cultural life where Polish culture was highly appreciated and Branimir “Johnny” Štulić, the frontman of the significant rock band Azra, wrote the song Poland in my heart. Both Azra and the famous Slovenian rock group Laibach reacted also to the imposing of the Martial Law on 13 December 1981. While in Johnny Štulić's lyrics, the activities of the Polish authorities were condemned, the Slovenian band recognized the measures undertaken by Wojciech Jaruzelski as the proper one. It was a small group of Yugoslav dissidents from Belgrade, dominated by marxists with a minor but still significant role of liberal civil right activists, that highly appreciated thee Polish contestation towards communist authorities. The assumption of the marxist group represented by Dragomir Olujić and Pavluško Imširović was that Solidarity was the “true movement of the working class” fighting for human dignity, freedoms of conscience, speech, assembly etc. This human right context was crucial for liberal, human rights activists in their sympathy towards Solidarity. Lazar Stojanović, a anticommunist director, was the most influential person in the second group. Support for Solidarity coincided with their actions like petitions, demands directed at the Yugoslav authorities against the curtailment of social freedom. They were fascinated by the resolute stance of the Solidarity leaders and observed events in Poland with delight as they were not able to apply “Polish solutions” in Yugoslavia. A Yugoslav left-wing group led by Olujić and Pavluško Imširović carried out a few actions directed to express their solidarity with Solidarity. After the imposition of Martial Law they prepared a petition directed to Jaruzelski and gathered five thousand signatures to show their condemnation of the Polish authorities. Despite disapproval of the authorities in Belgrade, they organised a demonstration in front of the Polish embassy to show sympathy with the victims of Martial Law in Poland. The most significant action was the flying of the flags with the inscription “Solidarity" on July 1982 during a huge public meeting organised by the authorities with theme of "Solidarity with the Palestinian nation”. Due to their activity eight people were detained and jailed while their colleagues who supported them and demanded their liberation were also imprisoned two weeks later.
Keywords
Solidarność • Jugosławia • kultura • dysydenci • wsparcie • aresztowania Solidarity • Yugoslavia • culture • dissents • support • detention
References
Blog Tomasza Lipińskiego, cz. 6: U Beogradu, 16 VIII 2012 r., http://tomeklipinski.blogspot.com/2012/05/koniec-trasy-i-powrotdo-przasnej.html
Notatki z rozmowy z Nebojšą Popovem z czerwca 2012 r. (w zbiorach autora).
Notatki z rozmowy z Zagorką Golubović z czerwca 2012 r. (w zbiorach autora).
Relacja Dragomira Olujicia z 17 IX 2015 r. (w zbiorach autora).
Relacja Gordana Jovanovicia z lipca 2017 r. (w zbiorach studia Film System Grzegorz Czerniak).
Relacja Ivana Novaka z czerwca 2017 r. (w zbiorach studia Film System Grzegorz Czerniak).
Relacja Miroslava Samardžicia z listopada 2019 r. (w zbiorach autora).
Relacja Srđana Gojkovicia z lipca 2017 r. (w zbiorach studia Film System Grzegorz Czerniak).
Relacja Vladana Živojinova z lipca 2017 r. (w zbiorach studia Film System Grzegorz Czerniak).
Baranjčak S., Poljski kompleks, „Književna reč”, 10 XII 1981, nr 178.
Bougarel X., Bosnian Muslims and the Yugoslav Idea [w:] Yugoslavism. Histories of a Failed Idea 1918–1992, red. D. Djokić, London 2003.
Brylewski R., Kryzys w Babilonie. Autobiografia, Kraków 2012.
Burek T., Posle maturskog bala. „Poema za odrasle”, „Književna reč”, 10 XII 1981, nr 178.
Cipek T., The Croats and Yugoslavism [w:] Yugoslavism. Histories of a Failed Idea 1918–1992, red. D. Djokić, London 2003.
Čuvalo A., The Croatian National Movement 1966–1972, New York 1990.
Glovinjski M., Figura neprijatelja. O martovskoj propagandi, „Književna reč”, 10 XII 1981, nr 178.
Głowiński M., Figura wroga. O propagandzie marcowej, „Kultura i Życie” 1981, nr 1 (10).
Janjatović P., Azra [w:] Ilustrovana Yu-Rosk Enciklopedija 1960–1997, Beograd 1997.
Jović D., Yugoslavia. The Country that Withered Away, West Lafayette 2009.
Kister A.G., Andrzej Werner (hasło w przygotowaniu) [w:] Encyklopedia Solidarności. Opozycja w PRL 1976–1989, http://www.encysol.pl/wiki/Andrzej_Werner
Klasić H., Jugoslavija i svijet 1968., Zagreb 2012.
Kołakowski L., Główne nurty marksizmu, t. 3, Warszawa 2009.
Kontek T., Jak upadł rock’n’roll w Belgradzie, „Rita Baum” 2014, nr 34.
Kott J., Cenzura kao sistem, „Književna reč”, 10 XII 1981, nr 178.
Kuronj J., Teze o izlasku iz bezizlaznosti, „Književna reč”, 10 VII 1982, nr 192.
Kyaw N., Računajte na nas. Pank i novi talas/Novi val u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji [w:] Đ. Tomić, P. Atanacković, Društvo u pokretu. Novi društveni pokreti u Jugoslaviji od 1968. do danas, Novi Sad 2009.
Łątkowska M., Borowski A., Tomasz Burek [w:] Encyklopedia Solidarności. Opozycja w PRL 1976–1989, t. 2, Warszawa 2012.
Madejski M., Był sobie belgradzki novi talas, „Rita Baum” 2014, nr 34.
Matulić R., Repression of Dissent in Yugoslavia 1956–1984 [w:] O. Gruenwald, K. Rosenblum-Cale, Human Rights in Yugoslavia, New York 1986.
Mihnjik A., Svi smo mi taoci, „Književna reč”, 10–25 IV 1982, nr 186–187.
Miloš Č., Distanca je duša lepote, „Književna reč”, 25 V 1981, nr 167.
„Mlada poljska kultura” u Studentskom Kulturnom Centru, „Književna reč”, 10 XII 1981, nr 178.
Osenka A., Poljski plakat danas, „Književna reč”, 10 XII 1981, nr 178.
Osęka A., Druki i plakaty „Solidarności”, „Kultura i Życie” 1981, nr 1 (10).
Pavlovitch S.K., Serbia, Montenegro and Yugoslavia [w:] Yugoslavism. Histories of a Failed Idea 1918–1992, red. D. Djokić, London 2003.
Poulton H., Macedonians and Albanians as Yugoslavs [w:] Yugoslavism. Histories of a Failed Idea 1918–1992, red. D. Djokić, London 2003.
Radnička kultura i prosveta u Solidarnosti. Za književnu reč govore Viktor Kulerski i Henrik Vujec. Razgovarala Magda Petrinjska, „Književna reč”, 10 XII 1981, nr 178.
Ramet S., Tri Jugoslavije. Izgradnja države i izazov legitimacije 1918.–2005., Zagreb 2009.
Słownik dysydentów. Czołowe postacie ruchów opozycyjnych w krajach komunistycznych Europy w latach 1956–1989, t. 1, Warszawa 2007.
Sokulski M., Jugosławia wobec polskich miesięcy: Grudnia 1970 roku i Czerwca 1976 roku [w:] Polska i Jugosławia w stosunkach międzynarodowych po 1945 roku, red. A. Zaćmiński, M. Pavlović, Bydgoszcz 2014.
Sokulski M., Sytuacja w Polsce w latach 1978–1981 w dokumentach najwyższych władz jugosłowiańskich [w:] Świat wobec „Solidarności” 1980–1989, red. P. Jaworski, Ł. Kamiński, Warszawa 2013.
Stavrić Lj., Pešić V., Moje nade i iluzije, „Republika”, 1 VII – 31 VIII 2012, nr 528–531.
Tadić L., U matici krize. Intervjui 1968–1998, Beograd 1999.
Umro Pavluško Imširović, „Vreme”, 18 VIII 2014, nr 1232, http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1221984
Velikonja M., Slovenia’s Yugoslav Century [w:] Yugoslavism. Histories of a Failed Idea 1918–1992, red. D. Djokić, London 2003.
Wójcikowa S., Łątkowska M., Edmund Bałuka [w:] Encyklopedia Solidarności. Opozycja w PRL 1976–1989, t. 2, Warszawa 2012.
Zacharias M.J., Komunizm, Federacja, Nacjonalizmy. System władzy w Jugosławii 1943–1991. Powstanie – przekształcenia – rozpad, Warszawa 2004.
Zacharias M.J., Ustrój Jugosławii w latach 1974–1980. Przesłanki dezintegracji i późniejszego rozpadu państwa, „Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 2001, t. 36.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Mateusz Sokulski, [Recenzje] Slobodan Selinić, Jugoslovensko-Čehoslovački odnosi 1945–1955, Institut za Noviju Istoriju Srbije, Beograd 2010 (Biblioteka „Studije i Monografije”, t. 59), ss. 715 , Remembrance and Justice: Vol. 20 No. 2 (2012)
- Mateusz Sokulski, Serbian and Croatian historiography about Yugoslav foreign policy during the Cold War , Remembrance and Justice: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2013)
- Mateusz Sokulski, Martin Previsić, In Opposition to Moscow. Yugoslav "Path to Socialism" in the Years 1948-1956 , Remembrance and Justice: Vol. 28 No. 2 (2016)
