The results of scientific research presented in this article focus on the characteristics of the most important factors that had the greatest impact on the development of air defense in Poland in 1945–1970. In this respect, the most important external conditions were identified, in particular political and military conditions, as well as internal conditions that determined organizational and technical changes in the Polish Army, including the air defense of the country. The presented results of scientific considerations generally refer to the three stages of development of the Polish air defense system adopted by the author, which were implemented to varying degrees in the years 1945–1970.