okładka

Bd. 18 Nr. 2 (2011)

ISSN:
1427-7476

Section: Studia

Rewolucja 1989 roku w NRD

Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk

Die Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (BstU)

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość, Bd. 18 Nr. 2 (2011), pages: 197-216

Publication date: 2011-12-30

Abstract

The 1989 Revolution in the GDR Many factors — both domestic and those connected with the international situation — contributed to the fall of the communist system in the GDR. Crucial was the mood of the GDR society. At the end of the 1980s the people had had enough of the system. They were suffering from the economic crisis. The lack of perspectives and frustration triggered strong rebellious tendencies among the young. The Evangelical Church played a significant role in the shaping of such stances. In 1989 many priests and theologians took over the role of civil rights activists. The events in the GDR gathered momentum in May 1989. The dismantling of the fortified border between Austria and Hungary had more than a symbolic meaning. The Iron Curtain had been lifted for good. Thousands of East Germans tried to get to the FRG through Hungary or through Czechoslovakia and Poland. The FRG was an embodiment of the West they had been yearning for. The events accelerated in the fall. In Leipzig, demonstrations calling for freedom began after Monday masses. On 7 October, on the GDR founding anniver- sary, demonstrations of defiance were held in East Berlin and 50 other cities. The opposition, which had not been particularly numerous, consolidated and new formations were created. But most citizens waited to see what would happen. They expected reforms. Erich Honecker’s stepping down and Egon Krenz’s becoming the General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party was insufficient. From the historical perspective the opening of the Berlin Wall on 9 November was a breakthrough forced by the societies of Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the GDR itself. In March 1990 a free election to the People’s Chamber (Volkskamer) was held. It was to guarantee democratic reforms. The next step was the unification of Germany. The 1989 and 1990 events in the GDR and other communist bloc countries were a form of a revolution. They did not, however, call for progress or strive for something entirely new. Their participants wanted to live in open societies, like the ones that seemed to exist in the Western democracies.

I.-S. Kowalczuk, Endspiel. Die Revolution von 1989 in der DDR, München 2009 A. Sacharow, Mein Leben, München–Zürich 1991 A. Amalrik, Kann die Sowjetunion das Jahr 1984 erleben? Ein Essay, Zürich 1992 A. Steiner, Von Plan zu Plan. Eine Wirtschaftsgeschichte der DDR, München 2004 Ch. Hein, Die Ritter der Tafelrunde. Eine Komödie [w:] „Sinn und Form” 1989, nr 4, s. 793-829 I.-S. Kowalczuk, 17. Juni 1953 – Volksaufstand in der DDR. Ursachen – Abläufe – Folgen, Bremen 2003 I.-S. Kowalczuk, Das bewegte Jahrzehnt. Geschichte der DDR von 1949 bis 1961, Bonn 2003 I.-S. Kowalczuk, Od nieudanej rewolucji do zapobiegania powstaniom: panowanie SED w latach 1953–1961, „Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość” 2007, nr 11, s. 33–60 J. Gauck, „Ich habe die Wahl!” Diktaturerinnerung in der Demokratie [w:] Zwischen Selbstbehauptung und Anpassung. Formen des Widerstandes und der Opposition in der DDR, red. R. Eckert, I.-S. Kowalczuk, U. Poppe, Berlin 1995 , s. 405 M. Jankowski, Der Tag, der Deutschland veränderte. 9. Oktober 1989, Leipzig 2007 C. Brinton, Die Revolution und ihre Gesetze, Frankfurt am Main 1959 I.-S. Kowalczuk, 1989 in Perspektive: Ralf Dahrendorfs Antiutopismus, „Merkur. Deutsche Zeitschrift für europäisches Denken” 2005, nr 669, s. 65–69 I.-S. Kowalczuk, Die Zukunft bleibt spannend, ihre Geschichte nicht minder, „Berliner Debatte Initial” 2005, nr 2 (16) , s. 26–29

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okładka

Bd. 18 Nr. 2 (2011)

ISSN:
1427-7476

Data publikacji:
2011-12-12

Dział: Studia